Helena Viramontes Miss Clairol Essay -- short story, Miss Clairol

Helena Viramontes' short story, "Miss Clairol," takes the reader through a day in the life of Arlene, a single Hispanic mother, and her daughter, Champ. They begin their day at K-Mart in search for just the right beauty products for Arlene because she is going on a date that evening. After leaving without paying, they spend the day at home. Arlene prepares for the date while Champ assists her, watches television, and fixes herself dinner. Once Arlene is sufficiently fixed, she leaves for the date, ignoring Champ as she yells goodbye. Although I had to read "Miss Clairol" all the way through several times in order to develop a full understanding of the story and its purpose, I needed no extra reading to understand Arlene and my feelings about her. From the beginning of the story, my gut reaction to Arlene was disgust, and as I continued to read, my distaste only enlarged. Although I do not feel that Viramontes' sole purpose was to disturb the reader by her characterization of this sin gle mother, that was what kept my attention from the moment she was introduced. My dislike for Arlene began with the mere description of her physical appearance . When Arlene is first presented, she is depicted wearing "bell bottom jeans two sizes too small" and "a pink strapless tube top" (78). Not only do her clothes fit improperly, but "her stomach spills over the hip hugger jeans" as well (78). I next realized Arlene is accompanied by her young daughter, Champ. I was caught off guard by her blatant use of profanity in front of Champ. For example, she responds to Champ's question about which Miss Clairol box to grab saying, "Shit, mija, I dunno," and after dropping a gum wrapper on the ground, the simple comment, "Fuck it," expresses her nonchala... ...e next man is so far from romantic in the way I understand the concept, that it angers me to hear about it. Arlene's misunderstanding of romance epitomizes my serious dislike for her. My experience with good parenting and romance is so opposite of Arlene's parenting and ideas of romance that I am repulsed by them. Because it is so easy to develop set ideas of what is right and wrong concerning these concepts at such a young age, it is difficult to rid myself of the biases now that I am a young adult. These cultural biases that created the lens through which I read this story strongly affected my perception of Arlene in a way that no one else can experience. Work Cited Viramontes, Helena. "Miss Clairol." Literature and Gender: Thinking Critically through Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. Eds. Robyn Wiegman and Elena Glasberg. New York: Longman, 1999. 78-81. Print.

Corporal Punishment Should Be Reintroduced in Schools Essay

Corporal Punishment as described by the Collins Dictionary and Thesaurus is â€Å"punishment of a physical nature, such as caning, flogging, or beating†. As long as students understand that corporal punishment is based on authority, not violence or Abuse, and acknowledge that the authority is being used for legitimate purposes such as; discipline, Respect, appropriate classroom behavior and maintaining high levels of learning, they can easily understand why it is something that their Principal should be allowed to perform with Parental Consent. Nowadays, students control the classroom and disregard the teacher’s orders and authority.† Authority† – the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience. Since students know that teachers cannot do anything more than send them out of class, teachers are left with an un-teachable classroom due to the distractions caused by â€Å"nuisances in class†. Students who are defiant or non-compliant can be the most challenging to teach. They frequently interrupt instruction, often do poorly academically, show disrespect and may show little motivation to learn. If parents â€Å"spare the rod† at home and send an undisciplined child to school, then its fair to say it becomes the responsibility of the school to instill discipline. If the parents and the school fail the child in this regard, then the resulting undisciplined child will learn the hard way about the consequences of unacceptable behavior later in life. Corporal punishment, unlike loss of privileges, such as having your mobile phone taken away, no Facebook activity or a firm lecture about your behavior, allows the child to draw a clear line on what is not acceptable behavior. In the UK, corporal punishment has been banned in schools for numerous years. By reintroducing corporal punishment, teachers will regain the respect and healthy order in the classroom that they should have had in the first place. It is also essential to make it clear to the student being punished the guidelines upon why they are receiving that punishment. . If criminals are punished for crimes, then students must also understand that there are penalties for their actions. If you look at educational statistics and reports from the past to the present, violence and delinquency in schools were 200 to 300% lower than they are now according to the CDC (Center for Disease Control), OJJDP (Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention) and NCES (National Center for Education Statistics). They show through extensive data children in schools during corporal punishment eras that; students performed better, focused, less instances of delinquency and Respectful. In addition, there were also fewer recorded incidents of students and teachers being accosted, assaulted, harassed and violated. References http://www.collinsdictionary.com http://nces.ed.gov/programs/crimeindicators/crimeindicators2011/key.Asp Http://nces.Ed.Gov/programs/crimeindicators/crimeindicators2011/key.Asp http://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/parents-back-corporal-punishment-in-schools-2355544.html House of Commons: Corporal punishment lawful with parental consent [HISTORY] On 28 January 1997 the UK parliament debated reinstating Corporal Punishment in state school’s, ten years after it was abolished. The move failed, but the debate is quite interesting.

Childhood Education An Important Part Of The...

Not only does affordable childcare impact the U.S but countries all over the world. Ensuring children have the right stimulation, nurturing and nutrition—is one of the smartest investments a country can make (Early Childhood Development, nd.). Having a good foundation can help contribute to the financial and social wealth of their societies. These children have higher employment and earning more, have better health, lower levels of welfare dependency and crime rates than those who do not have these early opportunities. It may help address inequality, help educate children so they can break the cycle of poverty giving next generation a better start. Early childhood education helps form the basis of intelligence, personality and social behavior. Children who receive early childcare tend to achieve more success at school. Childcare is an important part of the infrastructure for economic development. When understanding how early childcare impacts the economy globally there is evidence from both developed and developing countries. Research indicates that an additional dollar invested in high quality preschool programs will yield a return of anywhere between $6 and $17 (Early Childhood Development, nd.). Having affordable childcare will also keep talented workers in the workforce ensure better outcome for our kids. Although the U.S has high childcare rates it is not the only country that struggles with this issue. In England the average family may spend up to 27% of theirShow MoreRelatedDevelopment Of Exceptional And Special Needs Children Essay1672 Words   |  7 PagesThe early childhood sector is increasing rapidly across the Caribbean. Some of these centres just came about in an ad hoc manner due to the demand for day care services; recognising how important early childhood development is, governments and other officials are being faced with the task of ensuring that quality early childhood education is provided. This essay seeks to discuss teachers’ expectations, sensitivities, priorities and values that contribute to the quality of all pupils learning andRead MorePiaget s Theory Of Experiential Learning1481 Words   |  6 PagesIn this childhood developmental study, a comparative analysis of the theories of Lee Vygotsky, Jean Piaget, and Howard Gardner will be evaluated through t he lens of experiential learning. Through Vygotsky’s realization of the childhood learning through â€Å"hands-on† experience (experiential learning), the cultural and socioeconomic factors defines the progress a child makes in the individual progression towards growth in the educational system. Piaget beheld similar views on experiential learning inRead MoreHow Healthy Are The Youth Of Today s Population1206 Words   |  5 PagesHow healthy are the youth of today’s population? With the rise in childhood obesity, the lack of prenatal care for expecting mothers, and lack of coverage for many Americans there is a need to evaluate the health of our youth and the availability of services and education. The current youth are the future workforce of the nation. Lessening the risk of chronic illness, obesity, and stabilizing environmental conditions will allow the upcoming generation to help build a stronger economy. A strongerRead MorePhilosophy - Child Labour1582 Wo rds   |  7 Pagesaway following economic improvement - It should be removed slowly and still provide support for families who need it -CHILD LABOUR- unicef defines child labour as- ages 5-11 working one hour or more for wages, or twenty-eight hours at home; ages twelve to twenty-four working fourteen hours or more for wages, or twenty-eight hours at home; ages fifteen to seventeen working forty-three hours or more for wages, or at home. - A working child does not have access to education and proper healthRead MoreThe Importance Of A Healthy Child Development1536 Words   |  7 PagesHealthy child development is very important in a child’s life. The emotional, psychological, development and social development of anybody begins during childhood. How they are brought up, the society and the environment is not healthy. Food is expensive therefore it becomes nearly impossible to eat healthy. There are no such things as fruits and vegetables or organic products because of the prices. Many teachers are untrained and the curriculum is not current, therefore the level of education is veryRead MoreIndustry Analysis Of Education Sector1431 Words   |  6 Pages Industry analysis of education sector in the emerging Global Industry Table of contents 1.0 Introduction 2.0 key features 3.0 challenges 4.0 interviewees comments 5.0 conclusion 1.0 Introduction: Education is now emerging as a recognised global industry, because education plays a major role in the economic development of any country. As this global industry continues to mature, many factors have combined to make this as a generation opportunity. As John Dewey who is known as the â€Å"fatherRead MoreAdvantages Of Universal Primary Education1280 Words   |  6 PagesFortunately for Veeru, Save the Childhood Movement, an NGO founded by educator and Nobel laureate Kailash Satyarthi saved him from child labor and provided him with education. He is now doing very well in school. (1) Primary education is the basic schooling given to children up to the age of puberty including reading, writing, and basic math. (2) The benefits of such basic education include reduction of poverty, increase in income, healthier living, boost in economic growth, reduction in fertilityRead MoreDeveloping Policies Of Trinidad And Tobago1674 Words   |  7 PagesTobago which embraces access to quality education. I found these document which supports our vision, the STRATEGIC PLAN OF THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, (MOE), (2002-2006). And MINISTRY OF EDU-CATION, EDUCATION POLICY PAPER (1993 - 2003). In the past Trinidad and Tobago has had equity and equality issues (UNESCO, 2003) these were the developing policy that embraces access to equality education for all. And in these documents the government is focusing on the education system and is looking into the Edu-cationRead MoreFinding Solutions to Indias Poor Essay1438 Words   |  6 Pageshave grown, there has been uncontrolled development that simply obeys the necessity of the deprived classes of obtaining a habitat inside the environment of the city that allows them possibilities of getting employment and better living conditions, this has motivated the urban populations growth to increase at a rapid rate. However, spatial location of poor people has simply shifted, with worse living condition. Informal settlement upgrading and development by its nature requires a strong emphasisRead MoreHealth Services And Health Care1672 Words   |  7 PagesPopulation in Jacksonville has increase over the years, but as long as population continues to grow so will the health concerns. The community will need to continue to provide assistance to does in need from health financial services and health education some system like the CHIP has taken place, but more is needed of the city to continue to provide services. With our nation current health law (Obama care), many should financial relief when it comes to health insurance. The population and races

Critical Reflection On Public Health - 1005 Words

CRITICAL REFLECTION ON PUBLIC HEALTH LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT The World Health Organisation (WHO) has included leadership as one of the building blocks of an effective health system. Good governance and strong leadership are the key elements of a successful health program. Even in the political arena, effective and influential leaders have been the ones with a clear vision, know their weaknesses and strengths, and are able to influence others to follow them. The greatest lesson that I have taken from the course is that everyone is a leader, regardless of the number of the people following or the situation they are in. In addition, leaders are made, and none is born a leader. Prior to my enrolment in the course, I had been working in the Ministry of Health in Malawi as a District Health Officer for 8 years, in 3 different districts. My role was to provide strategic leadership and coordination of the district health care delivery. I was responsible to look after over 3000 members of staff, being a senior member of the District Executive Committee and providing direction to all the stakeholders supporting the health sector in the district. I was also responsible for resource mobilization, planning and budgeting for the health services in the district. It was difficult to isolate being a manager and a leader until I attended this course. I have realised how team work, flexibility and adaptability, courage as well as emotional intelligence are critical in a position of theShow MoreRelatedCritical Reflection On Practicing Public Health Leadership Course922 Words   |  4 Pages CRITICAL REFLECTION ON PRACTICING PUBLIC HEALTH LEADERSHIP COURSE I have been involve in different leadership roles during my professional and personal experience but after attending this course of practicing leadership and public health course, I have enhanced my skills in various perspective which would be helpful for my personal and professional growth. The content of the course provided me the opportunity to explore more about my personal and professional strengths and weakness with the perspectiveRead MoreCanadian Social Work Practice : A New Horizon Of Learning Essay1660 Words   |  7 PagesCanadian Social Work Practice: A New Horizon of Learning My clear and definite understanding of critical theories and postmodern thoughts provides me significant and appropriate frameworks to practice as a progressive social worker in Canadian context (Morley, 2003). My exploration of reflective practice and the fundamentals of critical self reflection approach enhanced my understanding of specific client situations. Moreover, my learning about anti-racist and anti-oppressive practice helpsRead MoreThe Attributes of a Registered Nurse807 Words   |  3 Pagesare important for a registered nurse to have, and why are they important? 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This involves looking deeper into a particular experience and deciding what was good, what was bad and what would be a better course of action if they wereRead MoreMy Experiences After Attending The Practice Of Public Health Leadership998 Words   |  4 PagesReflective Assignment This paper discusses my experiences after attending the Practice of Public Health Leadership (PPHL) subject in 2015, reflecting on important lessons learnt, the relevance to my work and the support required for my improvement. When I enrolled in this PPHL, I was not sure that I will get the best out of the subject due to previous experiences of attending theoretical leadership trainings. However, at the end of the subject, I was challenged, groomed, humbled and inspired asRead MoreHow A Newly Graduated Physiotherapist Can Prepare For Employment Using Self Analysis1126 Words   |  5 Pages(2013) clinical supervision guidelines promote the benefit of clinical supervision for new graduates in adhering to Health and Care Professionals Council [HCPC] (2012) expectations of improving professional development and profiling evidence. There are differences in supervision, development opportunities and senior support for newly qualified physiotherapists in the National Health Service (NHS) and private sector. However, the amount of supervision needed as a new graduate is subjective and relatesRead MoreCritical Reflection Of The Healthy People Healthy Places Reading Material And Consists Of Three Sections1342 Words   |  6 PagesCritical Reflection 1 Introduction This paper is a critical reflection of the healthy people healthy places reading material and consists of three sections. It includes the definition of terms like health inequality and how does it relates to health equity. The first section states the importance of health inequalities and the necessity for a solution to decrease the health inequality gaps. Firstly, the term health inequality has a very broad definition and can be defined as the variations in healthRead MoreThe Prevention Of Abuse Experience By People With A Learning Disability1377 Words   |  6 Pagesgrammatically arrange and well organised. The abstract discussed what the study was about. The purpose of the study was about preventing and supporting people with learning from abuse. The methods used in the research were approved by the National Health Service ethics committee and consent was taken from NHS, but not from the service users themselves who owns the data that were used in the study. Ryan (2007) suggests that data saturation is the use of adequate data in a study. Using of adequate dataRead MoreQuestions On The Ethical Tension1415 Words   |  6 Pagessurgery, Donna has been diagnosed with post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It has changed her life in many ways. She has had to leave her job. She has been experiencing short term memory loss, concentration problems and nightmares. Donna has become a public speaker on educating people about anesthesia awareness. Her story is the basis for constructing this report for registered nurses, a framework on how to work through this type of ethical situation. Decision Making Framework and Process Ethical decision

Review of 5 Article Based Research of Motivation in the...

Motivation ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOR AND DEVELOPMENT 1 Review of 5 Research-base Article of Motivation in The Workplace MOHD FAIRUS OSMAN MD121113 Faculty of Razak School of Engineering and Advance Technology University Teknologi Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Motivation Abstract 2 This paper is to fulfill the Post Module Assignment of Organizational Behavior and Development in motivation study lectured by Associate Professor Dr. Nik Hasna. This is the review study of 5 various research article done by various scholar and individual related to motivation. This review is to understand the variety method of various company used to motivate their employee with comparison to my local workplace environment. Motivation 3†¦show more content†¦Some people require money for power, freedom, status, security or love. Different people have their own reason to pursue money. In some research shows that if company want to get their employees motivated, it has to differentiate employee by employee rewards tendency so that each people get the right motivation value. Other study shows that people personality also can predict the job engagement than their salaries. About 40% of rating on job satisfaction are determine by personality. People that have a positive personality tend to have high intrinsic motivation than people with lesspositive energy. Article 2 Summary: Motivation in the Workplace for Optimal Results Is Not a One Size Fits All Implementation It is a global issues to the leaders and managers on constantly keep their employees motivated and productive in various working environments. Seems that each person has difference in driving their motivation, its very important to understand individual motivating techniques. To challenge this, here are some examples that might useful to get influence of people we want to keep motivating. Some people belief that they have a secure job and comfort with the task capabilities level. Managers have to know his/her limitation and avoid pushing them towards advancement. Assuring them of their job security by maintaining their consistency of job performance. Other people are satisfied with the companies policies which makes them fall into the selfShow MoreRelatedRelationship Between Employee s Motivation And Performance1634 Words   |  7 Pages â€Æ' 5 5.Theoretical framework A theoretical framework is designed to evaluate the relationship between employee’s motivation and performance. On the basis of three motivational theories- Equity theory, Expectancy theory, Goal setting theory. The two types of variables influence the performance of employees-dependent and independent variables. Read MoreThe Challenges Of Leadership During The Modern World1412 Words   |  6 Pagesintroduction to the special issue. American Psychologist, 62(1), 2-5 This article covers a survey of contemporary trends in leadership. The aim of the author is to develop an understanding of the various challenges that contemporary leaders face so as to come up with effective theoretical models to resolve those challenges. Among the major challenges of leadership, Bennis notes that leadership of human institution is one. The article suggests that effective leadership is â€Å"grounded in a relationshipRead MoreEvaluating Four-Drive Theory in Employee Motivation1090 Words   |  5 PagesBecause of the development of new disciplinary, people now can research human brain and learn more about the drives (including the drives to acquire, bond, comprehend and defend) which underlie human actions. It had many researches mentioning how these drives affect employee motivation in organizations. One of them is the article â€Å"Employee Motivation: A powerful new model†, written by Nitin Nohria (the Richard P. Chapman Professor of Business Administrati on), Boris Groysberg (an associate professorRead MoreNurses Perception Towards Evidence-Based Practice: A Descriptive Study900 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿EBP article review: Nurses perception towards evidence-based practice: A descriptive study According to the article, Nurses perception towards evidence-based practice: A descriptive study, while evidence-based practice (EBP) is considered the gold standard in evaluating nursing processes, significant practice gaps have been identified in nursing implantation of EBP. The article chronicles a study involving a survey of 1,144 registered nurses (RNs) nurses working at a Singapore hospital whichRead MoreLearning Curriculum : Towards Student Driven Pedagogy993 Words   |  4 Pagespedagogy in the context of adult English for academic purposes, English for specific purposes, and workplace English programs. TESOL Journal, 5(1), 8-31. This article introduces the concept of a learning curriculum that centralizes adult ESL learners’ needs and encourages their engagement in curriculum development. By summarizing key components of a learning curriculum including needs assessment and content-based curriculum, the study points out that curriculum negotiation in an adult ESL class can aid inRead MoreTransformational Leadership Is Developed By Political Sociologist James Mac Gregor Burns Essay1124 Words   |  5 Pagesand the followers elevate motivation and morality. The transformational leaders pay attention to the needs and motives of followers and help them achieve their fullest potential. They influence their followers’ behaviors by appealing to the ideas and values and enhance the followers’ commitment to their vision. Literature Review 1) Relationship between transformational leadership and employees’ job satisfaction among the academic staff The authors of this article performed a study by collectingRead MoreProject: Group Dynamics and Teamwork1644 Words   |  7 Pagesin today’s workplace. The project is split into the following two parts. Each project part requires you to work individually as well as in groups. Project Part Individual Task and Deliverable Group Task and Deliverable Part 1 (due Complete the self-assessment Choose the topic of research for Project Part 2 Deliverable: Individual answers to the Deliverable: None in Module 3) self-assessment tasks Create a team charter Deliverable: Team charter document Part 2 (due Research around theRead MoreLeadership : Transformational Leadership And Transactional Leadership Essay1607 Words   |  7 Pagesand the followers elevate motivation and morality. The transformational leaders pay attention to the needs and motives of followers and help them achieve their fullest potential. They influence their followers’ behaviors by appealing to the ideas and values and enhance the followers’ commitment to their vision. transformational leaders exhibit behaviors which include idealized influence wherein the leader serves as the role model for followers; inspirational motivation – leader inspires and motivatesRead MoreCritical Review â€Å"Employee Motivation- a Powerful New Model† by Nitin Nohria, Boris Groysberg and Linda-Eling Lee1657 Words   |  7 Pages2013 Critical Review â€Å"Employee Motivation- A Powerful New Model† by Nitin Nohria, Boris Groysberg and Linda-Eling Lee Group 1: Ajit Shenoi (29), Mandar Jha (15), Nandan) Mathur (20), Kshitij Varma (39), Sarin Sio (33) PGDM-Communications 8/9/2013 SUMMARY The article attempts to shed light on the issue of motivating employees. The topic of motivation has been one that has intrigued thinkers thorough our history. As a result from Aristotle to Freud to finally Maslow everyone has had theirRead MoreTransformational Leadership And Leadership Theory Essay1417 Words   |  6 Pagesand the followers elevate motivation and morality. The transformational leaders pay attention to the needs and motives of followers and help them achieve their fullest potential. They influence their followers’ behaviors by appealing to the ideas and values and enhance the followers’ commitment to their vision. transformational leaders exhibit behaviors which include idealized influence wherein the leader serves as the role model for followers; inspirational motivation – leader inspires and motivates

Womens Life Free Essays

WOMEN’S LIFE WORLD CIVIALIZATIONS HIS 103 OCTOBER 9,2012 The life of a women has changed in way of improvement. Back in the days women couldn’t really do much but stay home and take care of the kids. In the 1800 Elizabethan era times most people’s rights were fairly limited. We will write a custom essay sample on Womens Life or any similar topic only for you Order Now There was no democracy, and most people had very little say in national politics, though on the parochial level, men and women could be elected to parish councils. What you did with your life was as much influenced by your social class, degree of wealth, etc, as it was by your gender. For instance, few children get a chance of more than a very basic education,and most boys and girls would go to work at an early age. it was taken for granted that people defered to those of a higher social class, and the young were expected to defer to the old. For women specifically, there were married women’s property acts which were passed in the 1860s and 1880s. The divroce laws were changed so that a woman could obtain a divorce from an adulterous or abusive spouse, and the Infant Custody Act gave women who were innocent parties in divorce the right to have custody of young children. In Elizabethan times, the role of the midwife in society was an important one, since childbirth was regarded as an exclusively female affair. The midwife had to be a woman of good character, and was licenced by the local bishop, since she was authorised to baptise newborn babies who she thought were unlikely to live long enough to have a proper baptissm. However, in the 18th century, the rise of the male obstetrician meant that the midwife became a marginal figure in the childbirthing process,instead of being at the centre of it. In elizabethan times,when most people lived in the country and were at least partially self-sufficient, being a housewife was a demanding role that involved many specialist skills. A housewife had to be able to brew and bake, spin and weave, preserve food, make home remedies for illness, make other household items like soap and candles, many women even made their own cosmetics and perfume. And they would be in charge of the poultry and the dairy, make their own butter and cheese, and sell their urplus produce at market. Women in the Victorian era . A wife’s proper role was to love, honour and obey her husband, as her marriage vows stated. A wife’s place in the family hierarchy was secondary to her husband, but far from being considered unimportant, a wife’s duties to tend to her husband and properly raise her children were considered crucial cornerstones of social stability by the Victorians. Women seen as falling short of society’s expectations were belie ved to be deserving of harsh criticism. In divorce great changes in the situation of women took place in the 19th century, especially concerning marriage laws and the legal rights of women to divorce and/or gain custody of children. The situation that fathers always received custody of their children, leaving the mother without any rights, slowly started to change. husband only had to prove his wife’s adultery, a woman had to prove her husband had not only committed adultery but also incest, bigamy, cruelty or desertion. Women could secure a separation on the grounds of cruelty and claim custody of their children. Magistrates even authorised protection orders to wives whose husbands have been convicted of aggravated assault. Victorian morality and sexuality Women were expected to have sex with only one man, their husband. However, it was acceptable for men to have multiple partners in their life. If women did have sexual contact with another man, they were seen as ruined or fallen. In education women were not freely offered the opportunity to study subjects of an extended, classical, and commercial nature. This made it difficult for a woman to break free from the societal constraints to achieve independent economical status. Education was specialised by gender. Women were provided with the opportunity to study refined subjects such as history, geography and general literature which would provide them with interesting but noncontroversial topics for discussion. Despite the restrictions and stigmatisation, some women did excel in â€Å"male† subjects such as law, physics, engineering, science and art. These women pioneered the path for the much improved gender equality in modern education in the UK. Women were rarely given the opportunity to attend university. It was even said that studying was against their nature and could make them ill. They were to stay more or less an â€Å"ornament of society. An Egyptian woman could acquire possessions in many ways. She could receive it as gifts or as an inheritance from her parents or husband. Or she could receive it from purchases with goods which she earned either through employment, or which she borrowed. A woman had claims to up to one-third of all the community property in her marriage. For example, the property which accrued to her husband and her only after they were married. When a woman brought her own private property to a marriage, ( dowry), it remained hers, even though the husband often had the free use of it. In the event of a divorce her property had to be returned to her, in addition to any divorce settlement that might be stipulated in the original marriage contract. A woman was free to bequeath property from her husband to her children or even to her own brothers and sisters (unless there was some stipulation against such in her husband’s will). A woman could also freely disinherit children of her private property, i. e. , the property she brought to her marriage or her share of the community property. She could selectively bequeath that property to certain children and not to others. Marrige was a very important part of ancient Egyptian society. Some people say it was almost a duty to get married. Compared to today’s world, Egyptian marriages were very different; husbands could marry more than one wife, and people of close relations (first cousins, brothers and sisters, ect. ) could also wed one another. As you read you can see that women’s life has changed to better a women’s life. The women now have lots of rights and are very successful in many ways. Reference , Ph. D / Role Of Women In Ancient Egypt The Natural women’s museum How to cite Womens Life, Essay examples

Hofstede Cultural Dimension - Indonesia free essay sample

Hofstede Cultural Dimension Indonesia BY DJRana Hofstede Cultural Dimension imensions * Description for each of Hofstedes Dimensions listed below Indonesia has Power Distance (PDI) as its highest ranking Hofstede Dimension at 78. The high Power Distance (PDI) is indicative of a high level of inequality of power and wealth within the society. This condition is not necessarily forced upon the population, but rather accepted by the society as part of their cultural heritage. The average Power Distance for the greater Asian countries is 71 . The second highest Hofstede ranking for Indonesia is Uncertainty Avoidance (IJAI) at 48, compared to the greater Asian average of 58 and a world average of 64. This reflects a more moderated influence of this Dimension within the Indonesian society. Generally, a high Uncertainty Avoidance (IJAI) indicates the societys low level of tolerance for uncertainty. In an effort to minimize or reduce this level of uncertainty, strict rules, laws, policies, and regulations are adopted and implemented. The ultimate goal of this population is to control everything in order to eliminate or avoid he unexpected. As a result of this high Uncertainty Avoidance characteristic, the society does not readily accept change and is very risk adverse. Indonesia has one of the lowest world rankings for Individualism with a 14, compared to the greater Asian rank of 23, and world rank of 43. The score on this Dimension indicates the Indonesian society is Collectivist as compared to Individualist. This is manifest in a close long-term commitment to the member group, is that a family, extended family, or extended relationships. Loyalty in a collectivist culture is aramount, and over-rides most other societal rules and regulations. The society fosters strong relationships where everyone takes responsibility for fellow members of their group The combination of these two high scores (IJAI) and (PDI) create societies that are highly rule-oriented with laws, rules, regulations, and controls in order to reduce the amount of uncertainty, while inequalities of power and wealth have been allowed to grow within the society. These cultures are more likely to follow a caste system that does not allow significant upward mobility of its citizens. When these two Dimensions are combined, it creates a situation where leaders have virtually ultimate power and authority, and the rules, laws and regulations developed by those in power, reinforce their own leadership and control. It is not unusual for new leadership to arise from armed insurrection the ultimate power, rather than from diplomatic or democratic change. Power Distance Index (PDI) that is the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions (like the family) accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. This represents inequality (more versus less), but defined from below, not trom above. It suggests that a societys level ot inequality is endorsed by the followers as much as by the leaders. Power and inequality, of course, are extremely fundamental facts of any society and anybody with some international experience will be aware that all societies are unequal, but some are more unequal than others. Individualism (IDV) on the one side versus its opposite, collectivism, that is the degree to which individuals are inte-grated into groups. On the individualist side we find ocieties in which the ties between individuals are loose: everyone is expected to look after him/herself and his/her immediate family. On the collectivist side, we find societies in which people from birth onwards are integrated into strong, cohesive in- groups, often extended families (with uncles, aunts and grandparents) which continue protecting them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty. The word collectivism in this sense has no political meaning: it refers to the group, not to the state. Again, the issue addressed by this dimension is an extremely fundamental one, egarding all societies in the world. Masculinity (MAS) versus its opposite, femininity, refers to the distribution of roles between the genders which is another fundamental issue for any society to which a range of solutions are found. The IBM studies revealed that (a) womens values differ less among societies than mens values; (b) mens values from one country to another contain a dimension from very assertive and competitive and maximally different from womens values on the one side, to modest and caring and similar to womens values on the other. The assertive pole has been called masculine and the modest, caring pole feminine. The women in feminine countries have the same modest, caring values as the men; in the masculine countries they are somewhat assertive and competitive, but not as much as the men, so that these countries show a gap between mens values and womens values. Uncertainty Avoidance Index (IJAI) deals with a societys tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity; it ultimately refers to mans search for Truth. It indicates to what extent a culture programs its members to feel either uncomfortable or comfortable in nstructured situations. Unstructured situations are novel, unknown, surprising, different from usual. Uncertainty avoiding cultures try to minimize the possibility of such situations by strict laws and rules, safety and security measures, and on the philosophical and religious level by a belief in absolute Truth; there can only be one Truth and we have it. People in uncertainty avoiding countries are also more emotional, and motivated by inner nervous energy. The opposite type, uncertainty accepting cultures, are more tolerant of opinions different from what they are used o; they try to have as few rules as possible, and on the philosophical and religious level they are relativist and allow many currents to flow side by side. People within these cultures are more phlegmatic and contemplative, and not expected by their environment to express emotions. Long-Term Orientation (L TO) versus short-term orientation: this fifth dimension was found in a study among students in 23 countries around the world, using a questionnaire designed by Chinese scholars It can be said to deal with Virtue regardless of Truth. Values associated with Long Term Orientation are thrift and